{"id":6901,"date":"2020-02-24T10:48:26","date_gmt":"2020-02-24T10:48:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/?page_id=6901"},"modified":"2020-09-19T04:08:53","modified_gmt":"2020-09-19T04:08:53","slug":"rfid-regulations","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/rfid-regulations\/","title":{"rendered":"RFID Regulations"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_section full_width=”stretch_row” css=”.vc_custom_1600488528684{background: #ffffff url(https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Rfid4uWebsite-Background-Image-1.jpg?id=11905) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}”][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Explore \/ RFID Basics & Resources” font_container=”tag:h5|text_align:center|color:%23ffffff” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_custom_heading text=”RFID Basics – RFID Regulations” font_container=”tag:h1|text_align:center|color:%23ffffff” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_section full_width=”stretch_row” css=”.vc_custom_1581076993613{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 50px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;background-position: 0 0 !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;}” el_class=”background-position-right-bottom”][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]RF signals (waves) travel almost forever and pass through many solid materials (though their strength does get reduced due to path loss and absorption). Therefore, they cannot be easily contained within a desired space, nor can we ignore the effects of radio signals transmitted by devices located in a long distance, even thousands of feet, away. These devices can interfere with your RF system, and your system can interfere with them. These types of interferences affect the performance of an RF system. They may, depending on their relative strength, reduce the read range of your system or render the system inoperable.[\/vc_column_text]

<\/i>Another reason to control RF transmission is to avoid injuries to humans and animals. RF devices transmit and receive RF energy. For example, Wi-Fi devices operating at 2.4 GHz range, which is the same frequency a microwave oven uses, can seriously damage human tissue if they transmit a signal at a very high level. In a low strength, they are considered harmless. A regulation must be established as to the level of safe exposure, and some mechanism has to be created to certify and monitor compliance.<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/div>[vc_column_text]RF regulations typically vary from one country to another or from one region to another, due to the legacy usage of various portions of RF spectrum. In the technology\u2019s early years, various countries or regions assigned different chunks of the RF spectrum for different uses. No worldwide standard was available, and even now none exist for many parts of the spectrum. Finding a worldwide RF range for new RF applications is a problem. For example, in the US, the UHF RFID systems are allocated a frequency range of from 902 to 928 MHz, but in European countries, that range was already assigned to other uses and is therefore not available. In Europe, UHF RFID systems are assigned frequency range of 865 to 868 MHz. As a result, a tag designed for the US will have problems being read in Europe and vice versa. To overcome these problems, RFID systems must be designed to incorporate all the frequency ranges (within the UHF band) used all over the world. This has been accomplished by EPCglobal Gen-2 and ISO 18000-6C standards. Readers and tags designed according to these standards will interoperate anywhere in the world.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”For UHF RFID Tags and Readers, Regulations Encompass the Following Major Factors:” font_container=”tag:h4|text_align:left|color:%230f4996″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_column_text]\u2022 RF field power<\/strong>\u2003Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) in watts.
\n\u2022 Bandwidth usage<\/strong>\u2003The frequency range allocated.
\n\u2022 Channels and channel spacing<\/strong>\u2003How the allocated frequency range is divided into channels to incorporate reader to reader interference.
\n\u2022 Duty cycle<\/strong>\u2003The percentage of time a reader can actively transmit.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_single_image image=”14083″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”Regulations in the US” font_container=”tag:h4|text_align:left|color:%230f4996″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”FCC PART 15″ font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:20px|text_align:left|color:%23212121|line_height:55px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”font-weight-bold” css=”.vc_custom_1582541633538{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 20px !important;}”][vc_column_text]RFID devices operating at UHF frequencies are allowed for operation in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands under conditions defined in FCC part 15 rules, section 15.247. Section 15.247 defines operation within the bands 902\u2013928 MHz, 2400.0\u20132483.5 MHz, and 5725\u20135850 MHz. The 902\u2013928 MHz band offers optimum range of operation and is usually preferred for supply chain applications. Part 15\u2013compliant RFID systems typically use a frequency-hopping spread spectrum modulation technique to benefit from maximum reader transmitted power allowances. Part 15\u2013compliant UHF readers can operate at a maximum transmitted power of 1 watt, or up to 4 watts with a directional antenna, if they hop across a minimum of 50 channels. For more details, you can download Part 15 rules from the FCC website.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”FCC Section 15.247 has nine different paragraphs that provide specifications for using RF devices, as shown below.” font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:20px|text_align:left|color:%23212121|line_height:55px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”font-weight-bold” css=”.vc_custom_1582541677623{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 20px !important;}”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
PARAGRAPH<\/th>\nSPECIFICATIONS RELATE TO<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
A<\/td>\nCompliances for frequency hopping for conventional and digitally modulated intentional radiators<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B<\/td>\nMaximum peak conducted output power of intentional radiators<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C<\/td>\nLimits of exposure to radio frequency energy levels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D<\/td>\nIncorporation of intelligence within a frequency hopping spread spectrum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E<\/td>\nHybrid systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
F<\/td>\nPower spectral density of digitally modulated systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G<\/td>\nLimits on RF power emitted outside the frequency band<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
H<\/td>\nOperations with directional antenna gains greater than 6 dBi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I<\/td>\nPower spectral density of digitally modulated systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”FCC Section 15.247(b) deals with regulations for frequency hopping within 902\u2013928 MHz:” font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:20px|text_align:left|color:%23212121|line_height:55px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”font-weight-bold” css=”.vc_custom_1582541746991{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 20px !important;}”][vc_column_text]\u2022 If the 20 dB bandwidth of the hopping channel is less than 250 kHz, the system shall use at least 50 hopping frequencies and the average time of occupancy on any frequency shall not be greater than 0.4 seconds within a 20-second period.
\n\u2022 If the 20 dB bandwidth of the hopping channel is 250 kHz or greater, the system shall use at least 25 hopping frequencies and the average time of occupancy on any frequency shall not be greater than 0.4 seconds within a 10-second period.
\n\u2022 The maximum allowed 20 dB bandwidth of the hopping channel is 500 kHz.
\n\u2022 FCC Section 15.247(b) deals with maximum peak conducted output power of intentional radiators:
\n\u2022 For systems using digital modulation in the 902\u2013928 MHz, 2400.0\u20132483.5 MHz, and 5725\u20135850 MHz bands, the maximum peak conducted output power of intentional radiators is 1 watt.
\n\u2022 The conducted output power limit for various frequency bands is based on the use of antennas with directional gains that do not exceed 6 dBi.
\n\u2022 If transmitting antennas of directional gain greater than 6 dBi are used (see Section 15.247(c)), the conducted output power from the intentional radiator shall be reduced below the stated values, as appropriate, by the amount in dB that the directional gain of the antenna exceeds 6 dBi.
\n\u2022 As an alternative to a peak power measurement, compliance with the 1-watt limit can be based on a measurement of the maximum conducted output power.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”ETSI EN 300-220″ font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:20px|text_align:left|color:%23212121|line_height:55px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”font-weight-bold” css=”.vc_custom_1582541820414{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 20px !important;}”]

<\/i>This standard applies to SRD radio transmitters and receivers. It covers transmitters in the range from 25 to 1000 MHz and with power levels ranging up to 500 mW, and receivers in the range from 25 to 1000 MHz. It defines the technical characteristics for radio equipment including RFID systems.<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/div>[vc_column_text]Some of the parameters defined are frequency range 869.4 to 869.65 MHz, bandwidth 0.25 MHz, maximum allowable power 0.5 watts ERP, one channel, and 10 percent duty cycle. National restrictions may apply to the regulation. This very restrictive regulation severely limited the operations of RFID systems in Europe, until the new regulation was ratified the ETSI EN 302-308.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”ETSI EN 300-220″ font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:20px|text_align:left|color:%23212121|line_height:55px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”font-weight-bold” css=”.vc_custom_1582541820414{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 20px !important;}”][vc_column_text]The key features of ETSI regulation EN 302-208 are as follows:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Shared operation in band 865\u2013868 MHz at transmit powers up to 2 watts effective radiated power (ERP)
\n\u2022 Operation in sub-bands of 200 kHz
\n\u2022 Mandatory \u201clisten before talk\u201d function
\n\u2022 Power levels of 100 mW, 500 mW, and 2 W ERP
\n\u2022 Mandatory listen time of more than 5 ms before each transmission
\n\u2022 Maximum period of continuous transmission of 4 seconds
\n\u2022 Pause of 100 ms between repeated transmissions on the same sub-band, or the interrogator will move immediately to another vacant sub-band[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]This regulation allows European RFID interrogators operating in the UHF band to perform nearly as well as UHF interrogators operating under FCC rules in the United States. It provides an additional frequency range, compared to EN 302-200, from 865 to 868 MHz for RFID interrogator operation. This increases the spectrum band from 250 kHz to 3 MHz. The number of channels on which readers can broadcast has been increased from 1 to 15. The new band is divided into three sub-bands. Under the old regulations EN 300-220, UHF readers were restricted to half a watt of ERP. The new regulations allow them to emit up to 0.1 watt ERP between 865 and 865.5 MHz, 2 watts ERP between 865.6 and 867.6 MHz, and 0.5 watt ERP between 867.6 and 868 MHz.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”BAND DIVISION AND ALLOWED TRANSMITTED POWER (ERP) ACCORDING TO ETSI EN 302-208″ font_container=”tag:h3|font_size:20px|text_align:left|color:%23212121|line_height:55px” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”font-weight-bold” css=”.vc_custom_1582542223590{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 20px !important;}”][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_single_image image=”14086″ img_size=”large” alignment=”center”][vc_empty_space height=”30px”]
<\/i>The duty cycle restrictions are replaced with the listen before talk (LBT) algorithm. The interrogator can stay on a selected channel for up to 4 seconds; it must then stop emitting energy for at least 0.1 second to provide other devices with the opportunity to use the channel. The interrogator could also switch immediately to any other unoccupied channel and transmit. The interrogators without LBT capabilities are limited to a 0.1 percent duty cycle. The data rate of this regulation is less than in the United States. This is because only 3 MHz of the spectrum is available in Europe for RFID, while 26 MHz is available in the United States.<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/div>[vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”Regulations in the JAPAN” font_container=”tag:h4|text_align:left|color:%230f4996″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_column_text]The Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Post and Telecommunications (MPHPT), whose English name has been recently changed to Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), is responsible for formulating policies related to communications, which includes setting up of RFID standards within Japan. MIC has agreed to open up the UHF spectrum range of 952\u2013954 MHz for RFID use. High-powered passive tag systems can use an antenna power between 10 mW to 1 W and an antenna gain of 6 dBi, which gives maximum power equivalent to 4 W EIRP. Users must obtain a license to use this RFID system. For low-powered systems of up to 10 mW, no user license is required.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”Regulations in the CHINA” font_container=”tag:h4|text_align:left|color:%230f4996″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_column_text]In the last few years, China has been in the process of developing its own RFID standards to be in line with global standards. Standardization in China starts with the Standardization Administration of China (SAC), a ministry-level organization in the Chinese government. Under this organization are many Technical Committees focused on specific technology and business areas. The RFID National Standards Working Group, under China National Registry of Product and Service Codes (NPC), is responsible for standardizing hardware-related issues including frequency allocation, bandwidth, and tag-to-reader communication. The Article Numbering Center of China (ANCC) is focused on the tag encoding format making sure that goods tagged in China are compliant with the Electronic Product Code (EPC) coding scheme.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”Regulations in the INDIA” font_container=”tag:h4|text_align:left|color:%230f4996″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_column_text]The Indian government arm that regulates applications of radio waves, the Department of Telecommunication (under the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology), has recently delicensed the spectrum in the 865\u2013867 MHz band for use by RFID devices. The regulation on the use of wireless equipment in the band 865\u2013867 MHz specifies that no license is required by any person to establish, maintain, work, possess, or deal in RFID on noninterference, nonprotection, and nonexclusive bases, in the frequency band 865\u2013867 MHz with maximum 1 W transmitter power, 4 W ERP, and 200 kHz carrier bandwidth.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”Regulations in the AUSTRALIA” font_container=”tag:h4|text_align:left|color:%230f4996″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_column_text]The UHF band for RFID operations in Australia is 918\u2013926 MHz with a power of 1 W EIRP. The cattle, food, and beverages industry is supporting Australia\u2019s drive to integrate internationally with the RFID technology. The Australian Communication Authority, responsible for setting RFID standards within Australia, has been considering the globally accepted industry-driven standards for the EPC.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”Regulations in the SINGAPORE” font_container=”tag:h4|text_align:left|color:%230f4996″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_column_text]The Infocomm Development Authority (IDA) of Singapore regulates radio frequencies allocated for various applications within Singapore. The IDA has recently announced the new spectrum allocation and power limits for RFID usage in Singapore in the UHF band.
\nSingapore allows use of the 866\u2013869 MHz and 923\u2013925 MHz bands within the UHF spectrum for RFID activities. The power limit for both bands is 0.5 W. It is expected that the power limit for the 923\u2013925 MHz band will be increased to 2 W for RFID devices.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][vc_custom_heading text=”Global Regulations for UHF Band” font_container=”tag:h4|text_align:left|color:%230f4996″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Country<\/th>\nRegulators\/Regulations<\/th>\nFrequency<\/th>\nBandwidth<\/th>\nChannel Spacing<\/th>\nMaximum Power<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
USA<\/td>\nFCC Part 15, Section 247<\/td>\n902\u2013928 MHz<\/td>\n26 MHz<\/td>\n52 channels of 500 kHz<\/td>\n4 W EIRP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Europe<\/td>\nCEPT\/ETSI 302-208<\/td>\n865\u2013868 MHz<\/td>\n3 MHz<\/td>\n15 channels of 200 kHz<\/td>\n2 W ERP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Japan<\/td>\nMIC<\/td>\n952\u2013954 MHz<\/td>\n2 MHz<\/td>\n\u2014-<\/td>\n4 W EIRP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
India<\/td>\nDOT<\/td>\n865\u2013867 MHz<\/td>\n2 MHz<\/td>\n10 channels of 200 kHz<\/td>\n4 W EIRP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Singapore<\/td>\nIDA<\/td>\n923\u2013925 MHz<\/td>\n2 MHz<\/td>\n\u00a0\u2014-<\/td>\n\u00a02 W ERP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/div><\/div><\/div>[vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_btn title=”The RF in RFID” style=”outline” shape=”square” color=”warning” size=”lg” align=”left” i_icon_fontawesome=”fas fa-arrow-left” add_icon=”true” link=”url:https%3A%2F%2Frfid4u.com%2Frf-in-rfid%2F|title:RF%20in%20RFID||”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_btn title=”EPC Gen2 Memory” style=”outline” shape=”square” color=”warning” size=”lg” align=”right” i_align=”right” i_icon_fontawesome=”fas fa-long-arrow-alt-right” add_icon=”true” link=”url:https%3A%2F%2Frfid4u.com%2Frfid-epc-gen2-memory%2F|title:EPC%20Gen2%20Memory||”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_section full_width=”stretch_row” css=”.vc_custom_1600488528684{background: #ffffff url(https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Rfid4uWebsite-Background-Image-1.jpg?id=11905) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}”][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Explore \/ RFID Basics & Resources” font_container=”tag:h5|text_align:center|color:%23ffffff” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_custom_heading text=”RFID Basics – RFID Regulations” font_container=”tag:h1|text_align:center|color:%23ffffff” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_section full_width=”stretch_row” css=”.vc_custom_1581076993613{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 50px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;background-position: 0 0 !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;}” el_class=”background-position-right-bottom”][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]RF signals (waves) travel almost forever and pass through many solid […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6901","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6901","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6901"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6901\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rfid4u.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6901"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}